<barLine>

Vertical line drawn through one or more staves that divides musical notation into metrical units.
2.1.2.2 Content of Musical Divisions, 2.2.4.2 Bar Lines and Custos Signs, 5.5 Music Data Organization
Module
MEI.shared
Attributes
altsym, class, color, control, copyof, corresp, evaluate, facs, follows, form, glyph.auth, glyph.name, glyph.num, glyph.uri, label, len, metcon, method, n, next, place, precedes, prev, resp, sameas, synch, target, targettype, type, visible, width, xlink:actuate, xlink:role, xlink:show, xml:base, xml:id
altsym(optional)Provides a way of pointing to a user-defined symbol. It must contain a reference to an ID of a symbolDef element elsewhere in the document. Value conforms to data.URI.
<barLine>att.barLine.visatt.altSym@altsym
class(optional)Contains one or more URIs which denote classification terms that apply to the entity bearing this attribute. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
<barLine>att.commonatt.typedatt.classed@class
color(optional)Used to indicate visual appearance. Do not confuse this with the musical term 'color' as used in pre-CMN notation. Value conforms to data.COLOR.
<barLine>att.barLine.visatt.color@color
control(optional)Indicates whether or not a bar line is "controlling"; that is, if it indicates a point of alignment across all the parts. Bar lines within a score are usually controlling; that is, they "line up". Bar lines within parts may or may not be controlling. When applied to measure, this attribute indicates the nature of the right bar line but not the left. Value conforms to data.BOOLEAN.
<barLine>att.barLine.logatt.meterConformance.bar@control
copyof(optional)Points to an element of which the current element is a copy. Value conforms to data.URI.
<barLine>att.commonatt.linking@copyof
corresp(optional)Used to point to other elements that correspond to this one in a generic fashion. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
<barLine>att.commonatt.linking@corresp
evaluate(optional)Specifies the intended meaning when a participant in a relationship is itself a pointer. Allowed values are: "all" (If an element pointed to is itself a pointer, then the target of that pointer will be taken, and so on, until an element is found which is not a pointer.), "one" (If an element pointed to is itself a pointer, then its target (whether a pointer or not) is taken as the target of this pointer.), "none" (No further evaluation of targets is carried out beyond that needed to find the element(s) specified in plist or target attribute.)
<barLine>att.targetEval@evaluate
facs(optional)Points to one or more images, portions of an image, or surfaces which correspond to the current element. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
<barLine>att.facsimile@facs
follows(optional)points to one or more events in a user-defined collection that are known to be predecessors of the current element. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
<barLine>att.commonatt.linking@follows
form(optional)Records the appearance and usually the function of the bar line. Value conforms to data.BARRENDITION.
<barLine>att.barLine.log@form
glyph.auth(optional)A name or label associated with the controlled vocabulary from which the value of glyph.name or glyph.num is taken. Allowed values are: "smufl" (Standard Music Font Layout.)
<barLine>att.barLine.visatt.extSym@glyph.auth
glyph.name(optional)Glyph name. Value is plain text.
<barLine>att.barLine.visatt.extSym@glyph.name
glyph.num(optional)Numeric glyph reference in hexadecimal notation, e.g., "#xE000" or "U+E000". N.B. SMuFL version 1.18 uses the range U+E000 - U+ECBF. Value conforms to data.HEXNUM.
<barLine>att.barLine.visatt.extSym@glyph.num
glyph.uri(optional)The web-accessible location of the controlled vocabulary from which the value of glyph.name or glyph.num is taken. Value conforms to data.URI.
<barLine>att.barLine.visatt.extSym@glyph.uri
label(optional)Captures text to be used to generate a label for the element to which it’s attached, a "tool tip" or prefatory text, for example. Should not be used to record document content. Value is plain text.
<barLine>att.commonatt.labelled@label
len(optional)States the length of bar lines in virtual units. The value must be greater than 0 and is typically equal to 2 times (the number of staff lines - 1); e.g., a value of 8 for a 5-line staff. Value is a decimal number.
<barLine>att.barLine.vis@len
metcon(optional)Indicates the relationship between the content of a measure and the prevailing meter. Value conforms to data.BOOLEAN.
<barLine>att.barLine.logatt.meterConformance.bar@metcon
method(optional)Records the method of barring. Value conforms to data.BARMETHOD.
<barLine>att.barLine.vis@method
n(optional)Provides a number-like designation that indicates an element’s position in a sequence of similar elements. May not contain space characters. Value conforms to data.WORD.
<barLine>att.commonatt.nNumberLike@n
next(optional)Used to point to the next event(s) in a user-defined collection. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
<barLine>att.commonatt.linking@next
place(optional)Denotes the staff location of the bar line if its length is non-standard. Value conforms to data.STAFFLOC.
<barLine>att.barLine.vis@place
precedes(optional)Points to one or more events in a user-defined collection that are known to be successors of the current element. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
<barLine>att.commonatt.linking@precedes
prev(optional)Points to the previous event(s) in a user-defined collection. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
<barLine>att.commonatt.linking@prev
resp(optional)Indicates the agent(s) responsible for some aspect of the text’s transcription, editing, or encoding. Its value must point to one or more identifiers declared in the document header. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
<barLine>att.commonatt.responsibility@resp
sameas(optional)Points to an element that is the same as the current element but is not a literal copy of the current element. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
<barLine>att.commonatt.linking@sameas
synch(optional)Points to elements that are synchronous with the current element. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
<barLine>att.commonatt.linking@synch
target(optional)Identifies passive participants in a relationship; that is, the entities pointed "to". One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
<barLine>att.pointing@target
targettype(optional)Characterization of target resource(s) using any convenient classification scheme or typology. Value is a NMTOKEN.
<barLine>att.pointing@targettype
type(optional)Designation which characterizes the element in some sense, using any convenient classification scheme or typology that employs single-token labels. One or more values of datatype NMTOKEN, separated by spaces.
<barLine>att.commonatt.typed@type
visible(optional)Indicates if a feature should be rendered when the notation is presented graphically or sounded when it is presented in an aural form. Value conforms to data.BOOLEAN.
<barLine>att.barLine.visatt.visibility@visible
width(optional)Measurement of the horizontal dimension of an entity. Value conforms to data.MEASUREMENTUNSIGNED.
<barLine>att.barLine.visatt.width@width
xlink:actuate(optional)Defines whether a link occurs automatically or must be requested by the user. Allowed values are: "onLoad" (Load the target resource(s) immediately.), "onRequest" (Load the target resource(s) upon user request.), "none" (Do not permit loading of the target resource(s).), "other" (Behavior other than allowed by the other values of this attribute.)
<barLine>att.pointing@xlink:actuate
xlink:role(optional)Characterization of the relationship between resources. The value of the role attribute must be a URI. Value conforms to data.URI.
<barLine>att.pointing@xlink:role
xlink:show(optional)Defines how a remote resource is rendered. Allowed values are: "new" (Open in a new window.), "replace" (Load the referenced resource in the same window.), "embed" (Embed the referenced resource at the point of the link.), "none" (Do not permit traversal to the referenced resource.), "other" (Behavior other than permitted by the other values of this attribute.)
<barLine>att.pointing@xlink:show
xml:base(optional)Provides a base URI reference with which applications can resolve relative URI references into absolute URI references. Value conforms to data.URI.
<barLine>att.commonatt.basic@xml:base
xml:id(optional)Regularizes the naming of an element and thus facilitates building links between it and other resources. Each id attribute within a document must have a unique value. Value is a valid xml:id.
<barLine>att.commonatt.basicatt.id@xml:id
(MEI.shared) Attributes common to many elements.
(MEI.shared) Attributes that form the basis of the att.common class.
xml:base(optional)Provides a base URI reference with which applications can resolve relative URI references into absolute URI references. Value conforms to data.URI.
(MEI.shared) Attributes that uniquely identify an element.
xml:id(optional)Regularizes the naming of an element and thus facilitates building links between it and other resources. Each id attribute within a document must have a unique value. Value is a valid xml:id.
(MEI.shared)
label(optional)Captures text to be used to generate a label for the element to which it’s attached, a "tool tip" or prefatory text, for example. Should not be used to record document content. Value is plain text.
(MEI.shared) Attributes that specify element-to-element relationships.
copyof(optional)Points to an element of which the current element is a copy. Value conforms to data.URI.
corresp(optional)Used to point to other elements that correspond to this one in a generic fashion. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
follows(optional)points to one or more events in a user-defined collection that are known to be predecessors of the current element. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
next(optional)Used to point to the next event(s) in a user-defined collection. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
precedes(optional)Points to one or more events in a user-defined collection that are known to be successors of the current element. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
prev(optional)Points to the previous event(s) in a user-defined collection. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
sameas(optional)Points to an element that is the same as the current element but is not a literal copy of the current element. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
synch(optional)Points to elements that are synchronous with the current element. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
(MEI.shared) Attributes used to supply a number-like designation for an element.
n(optional)Provides a number-like designation that indicates an element’s position in a sequence of similar elements. May not contain space characters. Value conforms to data.WORD.
(MEI.shared) Attributes capturing information regarding responsibility for some aspect of the text's creation, transcription, editing, or encoding.
resp(optional)Indicates the agent(s) responsible for some aspect of the text’s transcription, editing, or encoding. Its value must point to one or more identifiers declared in the document header. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
(MEI.shared) Attributes which can be used to classify features.
type(optional)Designation which characterizes the element in some sense, using any convenient classification scheme or typology that employs single-token labels. One or more values of datatype NMTOKEN, separated by spaces.
(MEI.shared) Attributes which can be used to classify features.
class(optional)Contains one or more URIs which denote classification terms that apply to the entity bearing this attribute. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
(MEI.facsimile) Attributes that associate a feature corresponding with all or part of an image.
facs(optional)Points to one or more images, portions of an image, or surfaces which correspond to the current element. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
(MEI.shared) Attributes common to all pointing/linking elements.
xlink:actuate(optional)Defines whether a link occurs automatically or must be requested by the user. Allowed values are: "onLoad" (Load the target resource(s) immediately.), "onRequest" (Load the target resource(s) upon user request.), "none" (Do not permit loading of the target resource(s).), "other" (Behavior other than allowed by the other values of this attribute.)
xlink:role(optional)Characterization of the relationship between resources. The value of the role attribute must be a URI. Value conforms to data.URI.
xlink:show(optional)Defines how a remote resource is rendered. Allowed values are: "new" (Open in a new window.), "replace" (Load the referenced resource in the same window.), "embed" (Embed the referenced resource at the point of the link.), "none" (Do not permit traversal to the referenced resource.), "other" (Behavior other than permitted by the other values of this attribute.)
target(optional)Identifies passive participants in a relationship; that is, the entities pointed "to". One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
targettype(optional)Characterization of target resource(s) using any convenient classification scheme or typology. Value is a NMTOKEN.
(MEI.shared) Attributes that deal with resolution of values in plist or target attributes.
evaluate(optional)Specifies the intended meaning when a participant in a relationship is itself a pointer. Allowed values are: "all" (If an element pointed to is itself a pointer, then the target of that pointer will be taken, and so on, until an element is found which is not a pointer.), "one" (If an element pointed to is itself a pointer, then its target (whether a pointer or not) is taken as the target of this pointer.), "none" (No further evaluation of targets is carried out beyond that needed to find the element(s) specified in plist or target attribute.)
(MEI.shared) Logical domain attributes.
form(optional)Records the appearance and usually the function of the bar line. Value conforms to data.BARRENDITION.
(MEI.shared) Attributes that provide information about a measure’s conformance to the prevailing meter.
metcon(optional)Indicates the relationship between the content of a measure and the prevailing meter. Value conforms to data.BOOLEAN.
control(optional)Indicates whether or not a bar line is "controlling"; that is, if it indicates a point of alignment across all the parts. Bar lines within a score are usually controlling; that is, they "line up". Bar lines within parts may or may not be controlling. When applied to measure, this attribute indicates the nature of the right bar line but not the left. Value conforms to data.BOOLEAN.
(MEI.visual) Visual domain attributes.
len(optional)States the length of bar lines in virtual units. The value must be greater than 0 and is typically equal to 2 times (the number of staff lines - 1); e.g., a value of 8 for a 5-line staff. Value is a decimal number.
method(optional)Records the method of barring. Value conforms to data.BARMETHOD.
place(optional)Denotes the staff location of the bar line if its length is non-standard. Value conforms to data.STAFFLOC.
(MEI.usersymbols) Attributes supplying pointers to user-defined symbols.
altsym(optional)Provides a way of pointing to a user-defined symbol. It must contain a reference to an ID of a symbolDef element elsewhere in the document. Value conforms to data.URI.
(MEI.shared) Visual color attributes.
color(optional)Used to indicate visual appearance. Do not confuse this with the musical term 'color' as used in pre-CMN notation. Value conforms to data.COLOR.
(MEI.externalsymbols) Attributes used to associate MEI features with corresponding glyphs in an externally-defined standard such as SMuFL.
glyph.auth(optional)A name or label associated with the controlled vocabulary from which the value of glyph.name or glyph.num is taken. Allowed values are: "smufl" (Standard Music Font Layout.)
glyph.name(optional)Glyph name. Value is plain text.
glyph.num(optional)Numeric glyph reference in hexadecimal notation, e.g., "#xE000" or "U+E000". N.B. SMuFL version 1.18 uses the range U+E000 - U+ECBF. Value conforms to data.HEXNUM.
glyph.uri(optional)The web-accessible location of the controlled vocabulary from which the value of glyph.name or glyph.num is taken. Value conforms to data.URI.
(MEI.shared) Attributes describing whether a feature should be displayed.
visible(optional)Indicates if a feature should be rendered when the notation is presented graphically or sounded when it is presented in an aural form. Value conforms to data.BOOLEAN.
(MEI.shared) Attributes that describe horizontal size.
width(optional)Measurement of the horizontal dimension of an entity. Value conforms to data.MEASUREMENTUNSIGNED.
(MEI.gestural) Gestural domain attributes.
(MEI.analytical) Analytical domain attributes.
External symbols component declarations.
glyph.auth(optional)A name or label associated with the controlled vocabulary from which the value of glyph.name or glyph.num is taken. Allowed values are: "smufl" (Standard Music Font Layout.)
glyph.name(optional)Glyph name. Value is plain text.
glyph.num(optional)Numeric glyph reference in hexadecimal notation, e.g., "#xE000" or "U+E000". N.B. SMuFL version 1.18 uses the range U+E000 - U+ECBF. Value conforms to data.HEXNUM.
glyph.uri(optional)The web-accessible location of the controlled vocabulary from which the value of glyph.name or glyph.num is taken. Value conforms to data.URI.
Facsimile component declarations.
facs(optional)Points to one or more images, portions of an image, or surfaces which correspond to the current element. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
Component declarations that are shared between two or more modules.
class(optional)Contains one or more URIs which denote classification terms that apply to the entity bearing this attribute. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
color(optional)Used to indicate visual appearance. Do not confuse this with the musical term 'color' as used in pre-CMN notation. Value conforms to data.COLOR.
control(optional)Indicates whether or not a bar line is "controlling"; that is, if it indicates a point of alignment across all the parts. Bar lines within a score are usually controlling; that is, they "line up". Bar lines within parts may or may not be controlling. When applied to measure, this attribute indicates the nature of the right bar line but not the left. Value conforms to data.BOOLEAN.
copyof(optional)Points to an element of which the current element is a copy. Value conforms to data.URI.
corresp(optional)Used to point to other elements that correspond to this one in a generic fashion. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
evaluate(optional)Specifies the intended meaning when a participant in a relationship is itself a pointer. Allowed values are: "all" (If an element pointed to is itself a pointer, then the target of that pointer will be taken, and so on, until an element is found which is not a pointer.), "one" (If an element pointed to is itself a pointer, then its target (whether a pointer or not) is taken as the target of this pointer.), "none" (No further evaluation of targets is carried out beyond that needed to find the element(s) specified in plist or target attribute.)
follows(optional)points to one or more events in a user-defined collection that are known to be predecessors of the current element. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
form(optional)Records the appearance and usually the function of the bar line. Value conforms to data.BARRENDITION.
label(optional)Captures text to be used to generate a label for the element to which it’s attached, a "tool tip" or prefatory text, for example. Should not be used to record document content. Value is plain text.
metcon(optional)Indicates the relationship between the content of a measure and the prevailing meter. Value conforms to data.BOOLEAN.
n(optional)Provides a number-like designation that indicates an element’s position in a sequence of similar elements. May not contain space characters. Value conforms to data.WORD.
next(optional)Used to point to the next event(s) in a user-defined collection. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
precedes(optional)Points to one or more events in a user-defined collection that are known to be successors of the current element. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
prev(optional)Points to the previous event(s) in a user-defined collection. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
resp(optional)Indicates the agent(s) responsible for some aspect of the text’s transcription, editing, or encoding. Its value must point to one or more identifiers declared in the document header. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
sameas(optional)Points to an element that is the same as the current element but is not a literal copy of the current element. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
synch(optional)Points to elements that are synchronous with the current element. One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
target(optional)Identifies passive participants in a relationship; that is, the entities pointed "to". One or more values from data.URI, separated by spaces.
targettype(optional)Characterization of target resource(s) using any convenient classification scheme or typology. Value is a NMTOKEN.
type(optional)Designation which characterizes the element in some sense, using any convenient classification scheme or typology that employs single-token labels. One or more values of datatype NMTOKEN, separated by spaces.
visible(optional)Indicates if a feature should be rendered when the notation is presented graphically or sounded when it is presented in an aural form. Value conforms to data.BOOLEAN.
width(optional)Measurement of the horizontal dimension of an entity. Value conforms to data.MEASUREMENTUNSIGNED.
xlink:actuate(optional)Defines whether a link occurs automatically or must be requested by the user. Allowed values are: "onLoad" (Load the target resource(s) immediately.), "onRequest" (Load the target resource(s) upon user request.), "none" (Do not permit loading of the target resource(s).), "other" (Behavior other than allowed by the other values of this attribute.)
xlink:role(optional)Characterization of the relationship between resources. The value of the role attribute must be a URI. Value conforms to data.URI.
xlink:show(optional)Defines how a remote resource is rendered. Allowed values are: "new" (Open in a new window.), "replace" (Load the referenced resource in the same window.), "embed" (Embed the referenced resource at the point of the link.), "none" (Do not permit traversal to the referenced resource.), "other" (Behavior other than permitted by the other values of this attribute.)
xml:base(optional)Provides a base URI reference with which applications can resolve relative URI references into absolute URI references. Value conforms to data.URI.
xml:id(optional)Regularizes the naming of an element and thus facilitates building links between it and other resources. Each id attribute within a document must have a unique value. Value is a valid xml:id.
User-defined symbols component declarations.
altsym(optional)Provides a way of pointing to a user-defined symbol. It must contain a reference to an ID of a symbolDef element elsewhere in the document. Value conforms to data.URI.
Visual component declarations.
len(optional)States the length of bar lines in virtual units. The value must be greater than 0 and is typically equal to 2 times (the number of staff lines - 1); e.g., a value of 8 for a 5-line staff. Value is a decimal number.
method(optional)Records the method of barring. Value conforms to data.BARMETHOD.
place(optional)Denotes the staff location of the bar line if its length is non-standard. Value conforms to data.STAFFLOC.
Member of
model.eventLikeGroups event elements that occur in all notational repertoires.
Contained By
(MEI.shared) Groups event elements that occur in all notational repertoires.
beamA container for a series of explicitly beamed events that begins and ends entirely within a measure.
graceGrpA container for a sequence of grace notes.
ligatureA mensural notation symbol that combines two or more notes into a single sign.
tupletA group of notes with "irregular" (sometimes called "irrational") rhythmic values, for example, three notes in the time normally occupied by two or nine in the time of five.
(MEI.shared) Groups notated events that may appear at the layer level in all repertoires.
abbrA generic element for 1) a shortened form of a word, including an acronym or 2) a shorthand notation.
addMarks an addition to the text.
corrContains the correct form of an apparent erroneous passage.
damageContains an area of damage to the physical medium.
delContains information deleted, marked as deleted, or otherwise indicated as superfluous or spurious in the copy text by an author, scribe, annotator, or corrector.
expanContains the expansion of an abbreviation.
layerAn independent stream of events on a staff.
lem(lemma) – Contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation.
oLayerA layer that contains an alternative to material in another layer.
origContains material which is marked as following the original, rather than being normalized or corrected.
rdg(reading) – Contains a single reading within a textual variation.
regContains material which has been regularized or normalized in some sense.
restoreIndicates restoration of material to an earlier state by cancellation of an editorial or authorial marking or instruction.
sicContains apparently incorrect or inaccurate material.
suppliedContains material supplied by the transcriber or editor for any reason.
unclearContains material that cannot be transcribed with certainty because it is illegible or inaudible in the source.
Common Music Notation (CMN) repertoire component declarations.
beamA container for a series of explicitly beamed events that begins and ends entirely within a measure.
graceGrpA container for a sequence of grace notes.
oLayerA layer that contains an alternative to material in another layer.
tupletA group of notes with "irregular" (sometimes called "irrational") rhythmic values, for example, three notes in the time normally occupied by two or nine in the time of five.
Critical apparatus component declarations.
lem(lemma) – Contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation.
rdg(reading) – Contains a single reading within a textual variation.
Editorial and transcriptional component declarations.
abbrA generic element for 1) a shortened form of a word, including an acronym or 2) a shorthand notation.
addMarks an addition to the text.
corrContains the correct form of an apparent erroneous passage.
damageContains an area of damage to the physical medium.
delContains information deleted, marked as deleted, or otherwise indicated as superfluous or spurious in the copy text by an author, scribe, annotator, or corrector.
expanContains the expansion of an abbreviation.
origContains material which is marked as following the original, rather than being normalized or corrected.
regContains material which has been regularized or normalized in some sense.
restoreIndicates restoration of material to an earlier state by cancellation of an editorial or authorial marking or instruction.
sicContains apparently incorrect or inaccurate material.
suppliedContains material supplied by the transcriber or editor for any reason.
unclearContains material that cannot be transcribed with certainty because it is illegible or inaudible in the source.
Mensural repertoire component declarations.
ligatureA mensural notation symbol that combines two or more notes into a single sign.
Component declarations that are shared between two or more modules.
layerAn independent stream of events on a staff.
May Contain
– (<barLine> may not have child elements)
Remarks

This element is provided for repertoires, such as mensural notation, that lack measures. Because the barLine element’s attributes, from which the logical and visual characteristics of the bar line can be discerned, largely duplicate those of measure, the use of barLine is not necessary within measure elements in CMN.

Declaration
<elementSpec ident="barLine" module="MEI.shared">
<desc xml:lang="en">Vertical line drawn through one or more staves that divides musical notation into metrical units.</desc>
<classes>
<memberOf key="att.common"/>
<memberOf key="att.facsimile"/>
<memberOf key="att.pointing"/>
<memberOf key="att.targetEval"/>
<memberOf key="att.barLine.log"/>
<memberOf key="att.barLine.vis"/>
<memberOf key="att.barLine.ges"/>
<memberOf key="att.barLine.anl"/>
<memberOf key="model.eventLike"/>
</classes>
<content>
<rng:empty/>
</content>
<remarks xml:lang="en">
<p>This element is provided for repertoires, such as mensural notation, that lack measures. Because the <gi scheme="MEI">barLine</gi> element’s attributes, from which the logical and visual characteristics of the bar line can be discerned, largely duplicate those of measure, the use of <gi scheme="MEI">barLine</gi> is not necessary within <gi scheme="MEI">measure</gi> elements in CMN.</p>
</remarks>
</elementSpec>
MEI Version: 5.0.0-dev(#5d75ea1)