8Lyrics and Performance Directions

8.1Vocal Text

These guidelines suggest two methods for encoding text in vocal notation: encoding syllables as 8.3 Vocally Performed Text Encoded Within Notes and encoding performed text as 8.4 Vocally Performed Text Encoded Separately after the notes (and other staff events) either within layer elements or within measure elements when available (for example in a Common Music Notation context). Each method may be more convenient depending on the source text and on the textual phenomena that the encoding intends to record.

Both methods eventually rely on the syl element, which is part of the ‘shared’ module and is therefore available in all MEI files. The following sections will begin by introducing the general use of syl and then show in detail the two different encoding methods.

8.2Lyric Syllables

By ‘lyric syllable’, these guidelines mean a word or portion of a word that is to be performed vocally. Each syllable is encoded with the syl element, with which it is also possible to specify the position of the syllable in a word, the type of connectors between syllables, alignment adjustments, and the formatting for each syllable. These are the key components:

The attribute wordpos is used to specify the position of the marked-up lyric syllable in a word. It allows the following values:

i: Indicates that the current syllable’s position is initial; that is, at the beginning of a word;

m: Indicates that the current syllable is in the middle of a word;

t: Indicates that the syllable’s position is terminal; that is, at the end of a word.

When a syllable is at the beginning or in the middle of a word (in which case it will have the wordpos attribute set to ‘i’ or ‘m’), it is recommended to specify the type of connector written between the current and the following syllable. This is expressed with the con attribute, which takes the following values:

s: A space is used as a connector between syllables;

d: A dash is used as a connector between syllables;

u: An underscore sign (indicating prolongation of the syllable) is used as a connector between syllables;

t: A tilde is used to indicate elision with the following syllable. This is typically rendered as a small curved line between the syllables.

Occasionally, a word or a final syllable needs to be extended across multiple notes. In this case an ‘extender’ is provided. An extender is a continuous line drawn at the text’s baseline from the end of the syllable associated with the first note until the last note to be sung with the syllable.

The use of syl described in this section is common to CMN and other notation systems, such as mensural notation. Other uses specific to certain types of notation and repertoires are addressed in other chapters. See for example 6 Repertoire: Neume Notation.

8.3Vocally Performed Text Encoded Within Notes

Each lyric syllable can be encoded directly within an associated note, either by using the syl attribute on note or the verse element.

Using the syl attribute on notes is the simplest way of encoding vocally performed text and is recommended only for simple situations or for those encodings which do not focus on vocally performed text.

The following example from Handel’s Messiah (HWV 56) shows the use of syl:

<measure>

<staff>

<layer>

<note dots="1" dur="4" oct="5" pname="c" syl="Hal-"/>

<note dur="8" oct="4" pname="g" syl="le-"/>

<beam>

<note dur="8" oct="4" pname="a" syl="lu-"/>

<note dur="8" oct="4" pname="g" syl="jah,"/>

</beam>

<rest dur="4"/>

</layer>

</staff>

</measure>

When there are multiple lines of vocally performed text, or the encoder wishes to be more specific about connectors, etc., the use of verse and syl is recommended.

The following example from Handel’s Messiah (HWV 56) shows the use of verse:

<measure>

<staff>

<layer>

<note dots="1" dur="4" oct="5" pname="c">

<verse n="1">

<syl con="d" wordpos="i">Hal</syl>

</verse>

</note>

<note dur="8" oct="4" pname="g">

<verse n="1">

<syl con="d" wordpos="m">le</syl>

</verse>

</note>

<beam>

<note dur="8" oct="4" pname="a">

<verse n="1">

<syl con="d" wordpos="m">lu</syl>

</verse>

</note>

<note dur="8" oct="4" pname="g">

<verse n="1">

<syl wordpos="t">jah,</syl>

</verse>

</note>

</beam>

<rest dur="4"/>

</layer>

</staff>

</measure>

As it is common practice in written text, it is assumed that a space separates words. Many vocal texts, however, introduce elisions and connect two syllables into one unit. For example, the vocal text from Mozart’s Don Giovanni sung by Don Giovanni in Finale II, Ho fermo il core in petto introduces an elision between the word fermo and il and between core and in. An elision can be indicated by placing both syllables within the same note and setting the syl element’s con attribute value to 't':

<note>

<verse>

<syl con="t" wordpos="t">re</syl>

<syl wordpos="i">in</syl>

</verse>

</note>

When there is more than one line of text, more than one verse element can be used. The following example from a piano reduction of Wagner’s Rheingold has two lines of text, with an English translation on the second line. Note the use of the xml:lang attribute to differentiate the two languages:

<scoreDef>

<staffGrp>

<staffDef clef.line="4" clef.shape="F" keysig="4s" lines="5" n="1"/>

</staffGrp>

</scoreDef>

<section>

<measure>

<staff n="1">

<layer n="1">

<note dur="2" oct="3" pname="f" stem.dir="down">

<verse n="1" xml:lang="ger">

<syl con="d" wordpos="i">Rei</syl>

</verse>

<verse n="2" xml:lang="eng">

<syl>thinks</syl>

</verse>

</note>

<note dur="8" oct="3" pname="f" stem.dir="down">

<verse n="1">

<syl wordpos="t">fes</syl>

</verse>

<verse n="2">

<syl>it</syl>

</verse>

</note>

<note dur="8" oct="3" pname="f" stem.dir="down">

<verse n="1">

<syl>zu</syl>

</verse>

<verse n="2">

<syl>were</syl>

</verse>

</note>

</layer>

</staff>

</measure>

<measure>

<staff n="1">

<layer>

<note dur="4" oct="3" pname="b" stem.dir="down">

<verse n="1">

<syl con="d" wordpos="i">wal</syl>

</verse>

<verse n="2">

<syl>wise</syl>

</verse>

</note>

<note dur="4" oct="3" pname="d" stem.dir="down">

<accid accid="n"/>

<verse n="1">

<syl wordpos="t">ten,</syl>

</verse>

<verse n="2">

<syl>now</syl>

</verse>

</note>

<rest dur="4" dur.ges="8p"/>

</layer>

</staff>

</measure>

</section>

Optionally, it is possible to include an lb element within verse to explicitly encode line and line group endings. This is specifically meant to facilitate karaoke applications.

Finally, the rhythm attribute can be used to specify a rhythm for the syllable that differs from that of the notes on the staff.

8.4Vocally Performed Text Encoded Separately

Vocally performed text may also be encoded separately from the notes with the lg element. These are the main components:

Since this element is separated from the encoding of the notes, it must be associated with a staff that will provide rhythm information when required for automated processing. The staff attribute gives the associated staff and if there is more than one layer on that staff, the layer attribute may be used to indicate the layer from which the rhythm should be taken. If there is any divergence between the rhythm of the vocally performed text and the notes, the rhythm attribute on l may be used to specify the text’s rhythm.

<staff n="1">

<layer n="1">

<tuplet num="3" numbase="2">

<note dur="4" oct="3" pname="c"/>

<note dur="8" oct="3" pname="e" accid.ges="f"/>

</tuplet>

<tuplet num="3" numbase="2">

<note dur="4" oct="3" pname="g"/>

<note dur="8" oct="3" pname="g"/>

</tuplet>

<note dur="4" oct="3" pname="g"/>

<note dur="4" oct="3" pname="b" accid.ges="f"/>

</layer>

</staff>

<!-- later -->

<div>

<lg staff="1">

<l>

<syl>Or</syl>

<syl>let</syl>

<syl con="d">Au</syl>

<syl>tumn</syl>

<syl>fall</syl>

<syl>on</syl>

<syl>me</syl>

</l>

<l>

<syl>Where</syl>

<syl con="d">a</syl>

<syl>field</syl>

<syl>I</syl>

<syl>lin</syl>

<syl>ger</syl>

</l>

</lg>

</div>

8.5Drama

This section is supposed to explain stage directions and speeches in MEI drama.