<refrain>

Recurring lyrics, especially at the end of each verse or stanza of a poem or song lyrics; a chorus.
Module
MEI.lyrics
Attributes
@class, @color, @copyof, @corresp, @facs, @follows, @fontfam, @fontname, @fontsize, @fontstyle, @fontweight, @label, @letterspacing, @lineheight, @meiversion, @n, @next, @place, @precedes, @prev, @resp, @sameas, @synch, @to, @translit, @type, @vo, @voltasym, @x, @xml:base, @xml:id, @xml:lang, @y
@class(optional)Contains one or more URIs which denote classification terms that apply to the entity bearing this attribute.
<refrain>att.commonatt.typedatt.classed@class
@color(optional)Used to indicate visual appearance. Do not confuse this with the musical term 'color' as used in pre-CMN notation.
<refrain>att.refrain.visatt.color@color
@copyof(optional)Points to an element of which the current element is a copy.
<refrain>att.commonatt.linking@copyof
@corresp(optional)Used to point to other elements that correspond to this one in a generic fashion.
<refrain>att.commonatt.linking@corresp
@facs(optional)Points to one or more images, portions of an image, or surfaces which correspond to the current element.
<refrain>att.facsimile@facs
@follows(optional)points to one or more events in a user-defined collection that are known to be predecessors of the current element.
<refrain>att.commonatt.linking@follows
@fontfam(optional)Contains the name of a font-family.
<refrain>att.refrain.visatt.typography@fontfam
@fontname(optional)Holds the name of a font.
<refrain>att.refrain.visatt.typography@fontname
@fontsize(optional)Indicates the size of a font expressed in printers' points, i.e., 1/72nd of an inch, relative terms, e.g., small, larger, etc., or percentage values relative to normal size, e.g., 125%.
<refrain>att.refrain.visatt.typography@fontsize
@fontstyle(optional)Records the style of a font, i.e., italic, oblique, or normal.
<refrain>att.refrain.visatt.typography@fontstyle
@fontweight(optional)Used to indicate bold type.
<refrain>att.refrain.visatt.typography@fontweight
@label(optional)Captures text to be used to generate a label for the element to which it’s attached, a "tool tip" or prefatory text, for example. Should not be used to record document content.
<refrain>att.commonatt.labelled@label
@letterspacing(optional)Indicates letter spacing (aka tracking) in analogy to the CSS letter-spacing property.
<refrain>att.refrain.visatt.typography@letterspacing
@lineheight(optional)Indicates line height in analogy to the CSS line-height property.
<refrain>att.refrain.visatt.typography@lineheight
@meiversion(recommended)Specifies a generic MEI version label. Allowed values are: "6.0-dev" (Version of MEI), "6.0-dev+anyStart" (Version of MEI All AnyStart customization)
<refrain>att.commonatt.basicatt.meiVersion@meiversion
@n(optional)Provides a number-like designation that indicates an element’s position in a sequence of similar elements. May not contain space characters.
<refrain>att.commonatt.nNumberLike@n
@next(optional)Used to point to the next event(s) in a user-defined collection.
<refrain>att.commonatt.linking@next
@place(optional)Captures the placement of the item with respect to the staff with which it is associated.
<refrain>att.refrain.visatt.placementRelStaff@place
@precedes(optional)Points to one or more events in a user-defined collection that are known to be successors of the current element.
<refrain>att.commonatt.linking@precedes
@prev(optional)Points to the previous event(s) in a user-defined collection.
<refrain>att.commonatt.linking@prev
@resp(optional)Indicates the agent(s) responsible for some aspect of the text’s transcription, editing, or encoding. Its value must point to one or more identifiers declared in the document header.
<refrain>att.commonatt.responsibility@resp
@sameas(optional)Points to an element that is the same as the current element but is not a literal copy of the current element.
<refrain>att.commonatt.linking@sameas
@synch(optional)Points to elements that are synchronous with the current element.
<refrain>att.commonatt.linking@synch
@to(optional)Records a timestamp adjustment of a feature’s programmatically-determined location in terms of musical time; that is, beats.
<refrain>att.refrain.visatt.visualOffset.to@to
@translit(optional)Specifies the transliteration technique used.
<refrain>att.lang@translit
@type(optional)Designation which characterizes the element in some sense, using any convenient classification scheme or typology that employs single-token labels.
<refrain>att.commonatt.typed@type
@vo(optional)Records the vertical adjustment of a feature’s programmatically-determined location in terms of staff interline distance; that is, in units of 1/2 the distance between adjacent staff lines.
<refrain>att.refrain.visatt.visualOffset.vo@vo
@voltasym(optional)Specifies the symbol used to group lyrics. Allowed values are: "brace" (Curved symbol, , {.), "bracket" (Square symbol, , [, but with curved/angled top and bottom segments.), "bracketsq" (Square symbol, , [, with horizontal top and bottom segments.), "line" (Line symbol, , |, (wide) line without top and bottom curved/horizontal segments.), "none" (Grouping symbol missing.)
<refrain>att.refrain.visatt.voltaGroupingSym@voltasym
@x(optional)Encodes an x coordinate for a feature in an output coordinate system. When it is necessary to record the placement of a feature in a facsimile image, use the facs attribute.
<refrain>att.refrain.visatt.xy@x
@xml:base(optional)Provides a base URI reference with which applications can resolve relative URI references into absolute URI references.
<refrain>att.commonatt.basic@xml:base
@xml:id(optional)Regularizes the naming of an element and thus facilitates building links between it and other resources. Each id attribute within a document must have a unique value.
<refrain>att.commonatt.basicatt.id@xml:id
@xml:lang(optional)Identifies the language of the element’s content. The values for this attribute are language 'tags' as defined in BCP 47. All language tags that make use of private use sub-tags must be documented in a corresponding language element in the MEI header whose id attribute is the same as the language tag’s value.
<refrain>att.lang@xml:lang
@y(optional)Encodes a y coordinate for a feature in an output coordinate system. When it is necessary to record the placement of a feature in a facsimile image, use the facs attribute.
<refrain>att.refrain.visatt.xy@y
(MEI.shared) Attributes common to many elements.
(MEI.shared) Attributes that form the basis of the att.common class.
@xml:base(optional)Provides a base URI reference with which applications can resolve relative URI references into absolute URI references.
(MEI.shared) Attributes that uniquely identify an element.
@xml:id(optional)Regularizes the naming of an element and thus facilitates building links between it and other resources. Each id attribute within a document must have a unique value.
(MEI.shared) Attributes that record the version of MEI in use.
@meiversion(recommended)Specifies a generic MEI version label. Allowed values are: "6.0-dev" (Version of MEI), "6.0-dev+anyStart" (Version of MEI All AnyStart customization)
(MEI.shared)
@label(optional)Captures text to be used to generate a label for the element to which it’s attached, a "tool tip" or prefatory text, for example. Should not be used to record document content.
(MEI.shared) Attributes that specify element-to-element relationships.
@copyof(optional)Points to an element of which the current element is a copy.
@corresp(optional)Used to point to other elements that correspond to this one in a generic fashion.
@follows(optional)points to one or more events in a user-defined collection that are known to be predecessors of the current element.
@next(optional)Used to point to the next event(s) in a user-defined collection.
@precedes(optional)Points to one or more events in a user-defined collection that are known to be successors of the current element.
@prev(optional)Points to the previous event(s) in a user-defined collection.
@sameas(optional)Points to an element that is the same as the current element but is not a literal copy of the current element.
@synch(optional)Points to elements that are synchronous with the current element.
(MEI.shared) Attributes used to supply a number-like designation for an element.
@n(optional)Provides a number-like designation that indicates an element’s position in a sequence of similar elements. May not contain space characters.
(MEI.shared) Attributes capturing information regarding responsibility for some aspect of the text's creation, transcription, editing, or encoding.
@resp(optional)Indicates the agent(s) responsible for some aspect of the text’s transcription, editing, or encoding. Its value must point to one or more identifiers declared in the document header.
(MEI.shared) Attributes which can be used to classify features.
@type(optional)Designation which characterizes the element in some sense, using any convenient classification scheme or typology that employs single-token labels.
(MEI.shared) Attributes which can be used to classify features.
@class(optional)Contains one or more URIs which denote classification terms that apply to the entity bearing this attribute.
(MEI.facsimile) Attributes that associate a feature corresponding with all or part of an image.
@facs(optional)Points to one or more images, portions of an image, or surfaces which correspond to the current element.
(MEI.shared) Language attributes common to text elements.
@xml:lang(optional)Identifies the language of the element’s content. The values for this attribute are language 'tags' as defined in BCP 47. All language tags that make use of private use sub-tags must be documented in a corresponding language element in the MEI header whose id attribute is the same as the language tag’s value.
@translit(optional)Specifies the transliteration technique used.
(MEI.lyrics) Logical domain attributes. The n attribute should be used for verse numbers. Numbers need not be consecutive; they may also be expressed as ranges, , 2-3,6.
(MEI.visual) Visual domain attributes.
(MEI.shared) Visual color attributes.
@color(optional)Used to indicate visual appearance. Do not confuse this with the musical term 'color' as used in pre-CMN notation.
(MEI.shared) Attributes capturing placement information with respect to the staff.
@place(optional)Captures the placement of the item with respect to the staff with which it is associated.
(MEI.shared) Typographical attributes.
@fontfam(optional)Contains the name of a font-family.
@fontname(optional)Holds the name of a font.
@fontsize(optional)Indicates the size of a font expressed in printers' points, i.e., 1/72nd of an inch, relative terms, e.g., small, larger, etc., or percentage values relative to normal size, e.g., 125%.
@fontstyle(optional)Records the style of a font, i.e., italic, oblique, or normal.
@fontweight(optional)Used to indicate bold type.
@letterspacing(optional)Indicates letter spacing (aka tracking) in analogy to the CSS letter-spacing property.
@lineheight(optional)Indicates line height in analogy to the CSS line-height property.
(MEI.shared) Horizontal offset attributes specified in terms of time.
@to(optional)Records a timestamp adjustment of a feature’s programmatically-determined location in terms of musical time; that is, beats.
(MEI.shared) Vertical offset attributes.
@vo(optional)Records the vertical adjustment of a feature’s programmatically-determined location in terms of staff interline distance; that is, in units of 1/2 the distance between adjacent staff lines.
(MEI.shared) Attributes that describe the symbol used to group volta elements.
@voltasym(optional)Specifies the symbol used to group lyrics. Allowed values are: "brace" (Curved symbol, , {.), "bracket" (Square symbol, , [, but with curved/angled top and bottom segments.), "bracketsq" (Square symbol, , [, with horizontal top and bottom segments.), "line" (Line symbol, , |, (wide) line without top and bottom curved/horizontal segments.), "none" (Grouping symbol missing.)
(MEI.shared) Output coordinate attributes. Some elements may have their exact rendered *output* coordinates recorded. x and y attributes indicate where to place the rendered output. Recording the coordinates of a feature in a facsimile requires the use of the facs attribute.
@x(optional)Encodes an x coordinate for a feature in an output coordinate system. When it is necessary to record the placement of a feature in a facsimile image, use the facs attribute.
@y(optional)Encodes a y coordinate for a feature in an output coordinate system. When it is necessary to record the placement of a feature in a facsimile image, use the facs attribute.
(MEI.gestural) Gestural domain attributes.
(MEI.analytical) Analytical domain attributes.
@facs(optional)Points to one or more images, portions of an image, or surfaces which correspond to the current element.
@class(optional)Contains one or more URIs which denote classification terms that apply to the entity bearing this attribute.
@color(optional)Used to indicate visual appearance. Do not confuse this with the musical term 'color' as used in pre-CMN notation.
@copyof(optional)Points to an element of which the current element is a copy.
@corresp(optional)Used to point to other elements that correspond to this one in a generic fashion.
@follows(optional)points to one or more events in a user-defined collection that are known to be predecessors of the current element.
@fontfam(optional)Contains the name of a font-family.
@fontname(optional)Holds the name of a font.
@fontsize(optional)Indicates the size of a font expressed in printers' points, i.e., 1/72nd of an inch, relative terms, e.g., small, larger, etc., or percentage values relative to normal size, e.g., 125%.
@fontstyle(optional)Records the style of a font, i.e., italic, oblique, or normal.
@fontweight(optional)Used to indicate bold type.
@label(optional)Captures text to be used to generate a label for the element to which it’s attached, a "tool tip" or prefatory text, for example. Should not be used to record document content.
@letterspacing(optional)Indicates letter spacing (aka tracking) in analogy to the CSS letter-spacing property.
@lineheight(optional)Indicates line height in analogy to the CSS line-height property.
@meiversion(recommended)Specifies a generic MEI version label. Allowed values are: "6.0-dev" (Version of MEI), "6.0-dev+anyStart" (Version of MEI All AnyStart customization)
@n(optional)Provides a number-like designation that indicates an element’s position in a sequence of similar elements. May not contain space characters.
@next(optional)Used to point to the next event(s) in a user-defined collection.
@place(optional)Captures the placement of the item with respect to the staff with which it is associated.
@precedes(optional)Points to one or more events in a user-defined collection that are known to be successors of the current element.
@prev(optional)Points to the previous event(s) in a user-defined collection.
@resp(optional)Indicates the agent(s) responsible for some aspect of the text’s transcription, editing, or encoding. Its value must point to one or more identifiers declared in the document header.
@sameas(optional)Points to an element that is the same as the current element but is not a literal copy of the current element.
@synch(optional)Points to elements that are synchronous with the current element.
@to(optional)Records a timestamp adjustment of a feature’s programmatically-determined location in terms of musical time; that is, beats.
@translit(optional)Specifies the transliteration technique used.
@type(optional)Designation which characterizes the element in some sense, using any convenient classification scheme or typology that employs single-token labels.
@vo(optional)Records the vertical adjustment of a feature’s programmatically-determined location in terms of staff interline distance; that is, in units of 1/2 the distance between adjacent staff lines.
@voltasym(optional)Specifies the symbol used to group lyrics. Allowed values are: "brace" (Curved symbol, , {.), "bracket" (Square symbol, , [, but with curved/angled top and bottom segments.), "bracketsq" (Square symbol, , [, with horizontal top and bottom segments.), "line" (Line symbol, , |, (wide) line without top and bottom curved/horizontal segments.), "none" (Grouping symbol missing.)
@x(optional)Encodes an x coordinate for a feature in an output coordinate system. When it is necessary to record the placement of a feature in a facsimile image, use the facs attribute.
@xml:base(optional)Provides a base URI reference with which applications can resolve relative URI references into absolute URI references.
@xml:id(optional)Regularizes the naming of an element and thus facilitates building links between it and other resources. Each id attribute within a document must have a unique value.
@xml:lang(optional)Identifies the language of the element’s content. The values for this attribute are language 'tags' as defined in BCP 47. All language tags that make use of private use sub-tags must be documented in a corresponding language element in the MEI header whose id attribute is the same as the language tag’s value.
@y(optional)Encodes a y coordinate for a feature in an output coordinate system. When it is necessary to record the placement of a feature in a facsimile image, use the facs attribute.
Member of
model.verseLikeGroups elements that contain a lyric verse.
Contained By
(MEI.lyrics) Groups elements that contain a lyric verse.
<chord>A simultaneous sounding of two or more notes in the same layer *with the same duration*.
<note>A single pitched event.
(MEI.critapp) Groups elements that may appear as part of a musical variant.
(MEI.critapp) Groups elements that may appear as part of a textual or musical variant.
<lem>Contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation.
<rdg>Contains a single reading within a textual variation.
(MEI.edittrans) Groups elements that may appear as part of editorial and transcription elements in music notation.
(MEI.edittrans) Groups elements that may appear as part of editorial and transcription elements.
<abbr>A generic element for 1) a shortened form of a word, including an acronym or 2) a shorthand notation.
<add>Marks an addition to the text.
<corr>Contains the correct form of an apparent erroneous passage.
<damage>Contains an area of damage to the physical medium.
<del>Contains information deleted, marked as deleted, or otherwise indicated as superfluous or spurious in the copy text by an author, scribe, annotator, or corrector.
<expan>Contains the expansion of an abbreviation.
<orig>Contains material which is marked as following the original, rather than being normalized or corrected.
<reg>Contains material which has been regularized or normalized in some sense.
<restore>Indicates restoration of material to an earlier state by cancellation of an editorial or authorial marking or instruction.
<sic>Contains apparently incorrect or inaccurate material.
<supplied>Contains material supplied by the transcriber or editor for any reason.
<unclear>Contains material that cannot be transcribed with certainty because it is illegible or inaudible in the source.
(MEI.neumes) Groups elements that may appear as part of the content of a syllable.
<syllable>Neume notation can be thought of as "neumed text". Therefore, the syllable element provides high-level organization in this repertoire.
<lem>Contains the lemma, or base text, of a textual variation.
<rdg>Contains a single reading within a textual variation.
<abbr>A generic element for 1) a shortened form of a word, including an acronym or 2) a shorthand notation.
<add>Marks an addition to the text.
<corr>Contains the correct form of an apparent erroneous passage.
<damage>Contains an area of damage to the physical medium.
<del>Contains information deleted, marked as deleted, or otherwise indicated as superfluous or spurious in the copy text by an author, scribe, annotator, or corrector.
<expan>Contains the expansion of an abbreviation.
<orig>Contains material which is marked as following the original, rather than being normalized or corrected.
<reg>Contains material which has been regularized or normalized in some sense.
<restore>Indicates restoration of material to an earlier state by cancellation of an editorial or authorial marking or instruction.
<sic>Contains apparently incorrect or inaccurate material.
<supplied>Contains material supplied by the transcriber or editor for any reason.
<unclear>Contains material that cannot be transcribed with certainty because it is illegible or inaudible in the source.
<syllable>Neume notation can be thought of as "neumed text". Therefore, the syllable element provides high-level organization in this repertoire.
<chord>A simultaneous sounding of two or more notes in the same layer *with the same duration*.
<note>A single pitched event.
May Contain
<dir>An instruction expressed as a combination of text and symbols, typically above, below, or between staves, but not on the staff — that is not encoded elsewhere in more specific elements, like <tempo>, <dynam> or <repeatMark>.
<dynam>Indication of the volume of a note, phrase, or section of music.
<space>A placeholder used to fill an incomplete measure, layer, etc. most often so that the combined duration of the events equals the number of beats in the measure.
<tempo>Text and symbols descriptive of tempo, mood, or style, e.g., "allarg.", "a tempo", "cantabile", "Moderato", "♩=60", "Moderato ♩ =60").
<volta>Sung text for a specific iteration of a repeated section of music.
(MEI.critapp) Groups elements that contain a critical apparatus entry.
<app>Contains one or more alternative encodings.
(MEI.edittrans) Groups elements for editorial interventions that may be useful both in transcribing and in authoring processes.
<choice>Groups a number of alternative encodings for the same point in a text.
<subst>Groups transcriptional elements when the combination is to be regarded as a single intervention in the text.
(MEI.shared) Groups elements that function like line beginnings.
<lb>An empty formatting element that forces text to begin on a new line.
(MEI.shared) Groups elements that contain a lyric syllable.
<syl>Individual lyric syllable.
<app>Contains one or more alternative encodings.
<choice>Groups a number of alternative encodings for the same point in a text.
<subst>Groups transcriptional elements when the combination is to be regarded as a single intervention in the text.
<volta>Sung text for a specific iteration of a repeated section of music.
<dir>An instruction expressed as a combination of text and symbols, typically above, below, or between staves, but not on the staff — that is not encoded elsewhere in more specific elements, like <tempo>, <dynam> or <repeatMark>.
<dynam>Indication of the volume of a note, phrase, or section of music.
<lb>An empty formatting element that forces text to begin on a new line.
<space>A placeholder used to fill an incomplete measure, layer, etc. most often so that the combined duration of the events equals the number of beats in the measure.
<syl>Individual lyric syllable.
<tempo>Text and symbols descriptive of tempo, mood, or style, e.g., "allarg.", "a tempo", "cantabile", "Moderato", "♩=60", "Moderato ♩ =60").
Remarks

The <lb> element is allowed here in order to facilitate karaoke applications.

Declaration
<elementSpec xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="add" ident="refrain" module="MEI.lyrics">
<desc xml:lang="en">Recurring lyrics, especially at the end of each verse or stanza of a poem or song lyrics; a chorus.</desc>
<classes>
<memberOf key="att.common"/>
<memberOf key="att.facsimile"/>
<memberOf key="att.lang"/>
<memberOf key="att.refrain.log"/>
<memberOf key="att.refrain.vis"/>
<memberOf key="att.refrain.ges"/>
<memberOf key="att.refrain.anl"/>
<memberOf key="model.verseLike"/>
</classes>
<content>
<sequence minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="1">
<alternate minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<elementRef key="dir"/>
<elementRef key="dynam"/>
<elementRef key="tempo"/>
<elementRef key="space"/>
</alternate>
<alternate minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<elementRef key="volta"/>
<classRef key="model.sylLike"/>
<classRef key="model.appLike"/>
<classRef key="model.editLike"/>
</alternate>
<classRef key="model.lbLike" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
</sequence>
</content>
<remarks xml:lang="en">
<p>The <gi scheme="MEI">lb</gi> element is allowed here in order to facilitate karaoke applications.</p>
</remarks>
</elementSpec>
MEI Version: 6.0-dev+anyStart(#021ede6)